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TMC (TV channel)

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
This article is about the French language television channel in Monaco. For the American premium television network, see The Movie Channel. For the former Italian language service (spelt Telemontecarlo), see La7.
TMC
CountryMonaco
France
Programming
Language(s)French
Picture format1080i HDTV
(downscaled to 576i for the SD feed)
Timeshift serviceTMC +1
Ownership
OwnerGroupe TF1
Sister channelsTF1
TFX
TF1 Séries Films
LCI
TV Breizh
Histoire TV
Ushuaïa TV
History
Launched19 November 1954
Former namesTélé Monte-Carlo (1954–1963)
TMC (1963–1993, 2001–2004)
Monte Carlo TMC (1993–2001)
TMC Monte-Carlo (2003–2009)
Links
Websitetf1.fr/tmc

TMC (pronounced [te ɛm se]; originally short for Télé Monte-Carlo) is a Franco–Monégasque general entertainment television channel, owned by the French media holding company Groupe TF1.

History

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The genesis

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In 1939, Charles Michelson obtained a concession to operate Radio Tangier. The project was, however, taken over by the French authorities after the war to create Radio Impériale. On February 6, 1948, he obtained in compensation a five-year management contract for short waves at Radio Monte-Carlo. The management is majority owned by Sofirad and through it, by the French State.[1] The failure of technical experiments with this mode of retransmission led François Mitterrand, French Minister of Information at the time, to make a concession to Michelson. On October 22, 1949, he benefited from a “sub-concession option” for television in the Principality of Monaco, from the company which owns Radio Monte-Carlo. The opportunity is all the more interesting because on October 12, 1949, the president of Sofirad Jacques Meyer announced to the board of directors of Radio Monte-Carlo that the French government was giving up on deploying RTF television. in Marseille. This political decision gives the Monegasque station a de facto monopoly for television in the South-East of France.[2] Michelson therefore created the company under Monegasque law, Image et Son, whose initial objective was to constitute a network of private television stations in France. To calm the concerns of Pierre-Henri Teitgen, the new French Minister of Information, himself opposed to this cut into the RTF monopoly, Charles Michelson ceded all his rights on August 20, 1951 to Prince Rainier III of Monaco. The monarch then became a shareholder and invested in Image and Son.[3] On February 11, 1952, the creation of Monegasque television was confirmed by the French public authorities who signed the convention implementing the Télé Monte-Carlo option on March 21, 1953. The French State, however, removes the right of extension on French territory by relays installed on its soil, thus significantly limiting the development of this new television channel.[4] At the beginning of 1954, Michelson provided a second pledge to the French authorities: he brought the company RVB Radio-Industrie, a manufacturer of audiovisual equipment, into the capital of Images et Son. This company supplies all television equipment conforming to the new French high definition 819 line standard, invented by the own son-in-law of the company director Armand Vorms, the engineer Henri de France.

The beginning: Image et Son (1954-1957)

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Test pattern of Télé Monte Carlo in 1954, in high definition using the 819-line television standard.

On the day of the Monegasque national holiday, Télé Monte-Carlo was inaugurated on November 19, 1954 by Rainier III, Prince of Monaco, in the presence of Charles Michelson and Henri de France. The second private television channel in Europe after Telesaar which began its programs in Saarland in February of the same year. These antennas are both the property of the company of Prince Rainier III and Charles Michelson, Images et Son.[5] The channel's headquarters is temporarily located in the Radio Monte-Carlo premises at 16, boulevard Princesse-Charlotte in Monte-Carlo, where it occupies a TV studio with telecine designed by Henri de France. Its broadcasting takes place from the powerful 50 kilowatt panel antenna at Mont Agel (Alpes-Maritimes) oriented towards the Principality, but whose VHF channel 10-H at the 819 line standard assigned by the EBU can be correctly received by the entire Côte d'Azur from Saint-Tropez to Menton with spillovers to Toulon, the northern coast of Corsica and even the upper districts of Marseille. This coverage goes far beyond the initial studies. It also allowed these French territories to receive television, well before the arrival of French Radio and Television, which is far from covering the entire metropolitan territory. In order to reach the deep valleys in which band I (41-68 MHz) passes better than the higher frequencies of channel 10 in band III, the principality obtains authorization from the EBU to carry out tests on channel 2-H French (41.25-52.40 MHz) with the same power (50 kW) but these were proven inconclusive. The commissioning in 1960 of the definitive RTF transmitter of Bastia on this same channel, risking being interfered with by that of Mont Agel, put an end to the double broadcasting of TMC in bands I and III.

Two years later, on April 18, 1956, TMC produced its first Eurovision broadcast, the wedding of Prince Rainier III and American actress Grace Kelly,[6] as well as the 13th Monaco Grand Prix.

Special status company under Sofirad (1958-1972)

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In 1958, the Special Company (SSE) controlled Télé Monte-Carlo, becoming a 32% subsidiary of Europe No. 1 (controlled by Sofirad)[7] and distinguishing itself from Radio Monte-Carlo which belonged to the parent Sofirad. The SSE operates the Télé Monte-Carlo station under an agreement concluded in 1952 with Radio Monte-Carlo, the exclusive concessionaire of broadcasting rights in the Principality of Monaco.[8]

From its beginnings, Télé Monte-Carlo offered two 20-minute news bulletins (Télé-Soir, at 8:00 p.m., and Télé-Dernière, at 10:15 p.m.)[9] and a program dedicated to children, Club Tintin.[10]

Denise Fabre started her career in 1961 as an announcer on the channel and served there until December 1963. In 1963, the channel was now branded TMC. Jacques Antoine became director of programs, a position he held until 1977. The creator of games of all kinds installed several of his creations on the grid such as The Mysterious Object, precursor of the Schmilblick. The channel's schedule is made up of games, new series and a film every evening. Unlike French television, advertising is open to all areas except tobacco and alcohol.

From 1967, Jean Frydman administered the SSE which controlled Télé Monte-Carlo before taking over the management of the channel two years later. In June 1970, having become boss of Télé Monte Carlo, Jean Frydman decided to create another private commercial television called “Canal 10”, which should be a distinct version of the Monegasque channel. Although after the departure of De Gaulle, the new President of the Republic, Georges Pompidou, seems rather favorable to new television channels, the file will remain at the project stage.[11]

In 1969, Jean-Pierre Foucault, still a young radio host, made his debut on TMC to present a set show. Jean Frydman takes over the management of Télé Monte-Carlo and in order to supply the schedule, he becomes the owner of a rich catalog of films. He therefore wanted to create the first national commercial television channel in France at the beginning of the 1970s. The economic model consisted of exploiting the substantial television advertising market which was very little exploited by the public service ORTF; inspired by the British BBC-ITV television model.

Thus, Frydman initiated the “Canal 10” project consisting of extending the broadcast of TMC in 625 UHF lines over a large southern half of France up to Paris and received the support of the French Minister of Finance, Valéry Giscard d'Estaing. However, this project will never see the light of day because President Georges Pompidou, a fierce supporter of the ORTF monopoly, is opposed to it. Likewise, in 1971, during the battle between the PAL and SÉCAM standards in Italy, French industrialists suggested to President Pompidou to authorize TMC to broadcast in Italian and in color using the SÉCAM standard towards Rome and the Italian coast, from the powerful ORTF transmitter in Bastia, to encourage Italians to massively purchase SÉCAM standard receivers and better penetrate this market. Once again, the President of the Republic refuses.

Technical tests in SÉCAM color intended for Italy took place in June 1971[12] with the establishment of channel 35 UHF, broadcast to standard G with a power of 50 kW. After several tests, in 1973 TMC experimentally broadcast some programs in Italian on this channel, which subsequently became Tele Monte Carlo in 1974.[13][14]

TMC in color, still under Sofirad (1973-1987)

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On December 24, 1973 (Christmas Eve) TMC finally offered to its viewers, its first color broadcasts to the French standard SÉCAM L/L', both on channel 10 of the VHF band converted from the 819-line standard, in the 625-line format, receivable from Saint-Tropez to Menton and on the new channel 30 of the UHF band, whose reception area is much smaller, from Cannes to Menton.

Officially created to meet the needs of the strong Italian community living in the Principality, an Italian version of Télé Monte-Carlo was put on the air on August 5, 1974, broadcasting from Monaco.

On January 15, 1975, the board of directors of Télé Monte-Carlo under the aegis of Jean Frydman decided to broadcast TMC in Italy, in the Milan region, from a transmitter located in Corsica. The signal must comply with the French “L” standard and the Sécam color standard. According to the press, this project is very close to the “Canal 10” file, already developed by Frydman in 1970.[15] From 1976 to 1980, Henri de France participated in the establishment and operation of the Télé Monte-Carlo retransmission network in Italy.

In December 1976, Europe 1 (Images et Son company) acquired 22% of the shares in the Société Spéciale d'Entreprise (S.S.E.) which operated the station Télé-Monte-Carlo, previously held by the magazine Jours de France. Thus, Europe 1 controls the majority (54%) of the capital of Télé Monte-Carlo, the other participants being Publicis S.A. (27.5%) and the Principality of Monaco (18.5%).[16]

In May 1981, the political change in France significantly modified the audiovisual context. The French law of July 29, 1982 on audiovisual communication establishes a prior authorization regime for broadcasting on French territory.

In 1983, following the definitive shutdown of the 819 black and white line network of TF1 converted by TDF to the "L" standard 625 color lines for the upcoming broadcast of the pay channel Canal+, the broadcast of VHF channel 10 of TMC was also replaced by channel 8 with the “L” standard, much more compatible with the majority of color televisions marketed at the time.

On October 1, 1984, as a result of an agreement between Prince Rainier III and the French President François Mitterrand, TMC was able to be broadcast as far west as Montpellier, France, tripling its coverage (2,7 million potential viewers from Montpelier to Menton).

On December 18, 1985, the channel was distributed on French cable networks, upon their launch in Cergy-Pontoise. Gradually, its network is extended in certain French cities and on the cable networks of French-speaking Switzerland.

The game shows, variety and information shows with multiple hosts and journalists, officiating both on RMC and TMC, confirm the channel's local and entertainment treatment throughout the first half of the 1980s, notably with Michel Daner, José Sacré, Carole Chabrier, Alice Jordi, Max Lafontaine and Nicole Cimadoré.

However, the upheaval of the French audiovisual landscape following the arrival of the private national commercial channels Canal+ in 1984, then La Cinq and TV6 the following year, affected the Monegasque channel. This new competition directly affects TMC and RTL Télévision, who are now forced to share an inextensible advertising cake with their national competitors.

Following the French legislative elections of March 1986, the government of Jacques Chirac began a policy of privatization that François Léotard, the new Minister of Communication, was responsible for implementing in the audiovisual sector. One of these files concerns the sale of state assets held by Sofirad, part of which concerns the radio station RMC and its television subsidiary TMC. François Léotard appoints his former chief of staff, Pierrick Borvo, to the general management of RMC, who enlists the services of Patrice Duhamel, to quickly create a more powerful, more competitive radio and television station in the “great South”, which would extend its coverage area. distribution as far as Bordeaux and Lyon, via Toulouse and Auvergne.

Four buyers are interested in TMC: Jean-Claude Decaux and his partner Compagnie Générale des Eaux who are favored by Jacques Chirac, Claude Douce and his partners Mr. Leven, boss of Perrier and Mr. Descours, boss of André shoes, which are favored by François Léotard, James Goldsmith and Editions Mondiales and finally the Luxembourg Television Broadcasting Company. The last two, who are also applying for the takeover of La Cinq and the sixth channel whose transmitters in the south of France are almost non-existent, are interested in TMC for its broadcast coverage in this area and wish to make it a channel affiliated with a national network which would offer a supplement program through drop-out. According to this project, TMC would live on local and regional advertising revenues as well as a share of the national revenues of the network to which it would be affiliated.

The Hachette group, which is competing for the takeover of TF1 in the process of being privatized, sold in February 1987 for a symbolic franc to RMC, the 30% held by its subsidiary Europe 1 Communication in the capital of TMC, refusing to pay for a year already. its share of the chain's deficit.

From then on, Sofirad can auction this network, by completely withdrawing. The price of RMC and TMC is set at 600 million francs by a firm of independent experts.

However, the Principality of Monaco was slow to approve the privatization specifications, as well as the complexity of RMC's capital and the interdependencies linking RMC, the principality and the French State, this operation did not take place.[17] It remained sine die for the first time in 1988.

Crossing the desert (partnership with M6, creation of MCM, 1988 - 1993)

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From this period, TMC began five years of financial difficulties, with programs and investors becoming rare; this context forced it from the beginning of 1987 to reduce its original program schedule from 10:30 a.m. to 11 a.m. and from 6:15 p.m. to 8 p.m.

Coming from RTL Télévision, Michèle Navadic was recruited as program director, to completely rebuild the schedule and launch new games and shows for the 6:15 p.m. - 8 p.m. broadcast time. Thus, we discover Musicolles, Téléphot', Des clips et des claps, Plein tube, Magasin Magazine, Via l'école, MC Monaco, Please show me our stories, Animalement Vôtre[18] and TMC Sport.

Many future star television presenters in France started on the Monegasque channel during this period: Marc Toesca, Valérie Payet, Caroline Avon and Nagui.

From Ascension Thursday, May 12, 1988 at 9 a.m., TMC transmitters retransmitted from 9 a.m. to 1 a.m. the new French national commercial channel M6. TMC programs broadcast from 6:15 p.m. to 8 p.m. only take the form of a daily break from the M6 schedule. Established for economic reasons, this partnership allowed the two competing channels to temporarily unify their resources22. Outside of Marseille, M6 did not have transmitters to effectively cover the entire south of France at the time.

Thirteen months later, on July 1, 1989, M6 having been able to deploy its own transmitters in the south of France, the broadcast partnership with TMC ceased.

Télé Monte-Carlo, whose own resources are henceforth limited to broadcasting only in the evening, put on the air from July 1, 1989, the new program “Monte-Carlo Musique” (or MCM Euromusique), a musical schedule created by Europe 1 Communication and Télé Monte-Carlo26. MCM is broadcast all day on its antenna, except in the evening when TMC broadcasts its own programs. This reformatting of the antenna allows TMC to increase its broadcasting via French cable networks, as the only French music channel, after the removal of TV6, supplemented by satellite broadcasting using the D2MAC standard, on TDF-1/TDF2.

Lagardère SCA, which controls MCM through Europe 1 Communication, decided in 1992 to make this musical program a theme musical channel in its own right, broadcast on cable in France and from November 14, 1992, on the new bouquet broadcast on the Télécom 2 satellite entitled CanalSatellite, of which it is a co-shareholder with Canal+.

From the end of the summer of 1992 and the end of the takeover of MCM, the TMC channel was once again confronted with the question of the cost of its program schedule in the face of an audience which collapsed following the departure of MCM . TMC then only broadcasts in the afternoon between 2 p.m. and 11 p.m. with a local newspaper at 6:55 p.m., two dramas at 8:30 p.m. and multi series broadcast in the afternoon (Derrick, Arnold & Willy, etc.). The rest of the antenna is a still image on a green background, announcing the day's upcoming programs, with Nostalgie radio on the soundtrack.

In March 1992, despite three takeover proposals made by Havas, Alcatel and NRJ, the Monegasque government preferred to postpone indefinitely the privatization of RMC (and its television subsidiary TMC), for insufficient price.[19]

Since the beginning of the 1980s, RMC has made increasingly significant financial contributions to its television subsidiary, the cumulative amount of which reached 291.8 million francs at the end of 1993 according to a report from the Court of Auditors. The debts of RMC and its subsidiary TMC were settled during 1994, under the following conditions: the Monegasque government having bought the RMC building for a “total price” of 385 million francs,[19] a first waiver of debt was granted on March 29 for an amount of 13.5 million francs, a second on November 29 for 202.3 MF to which was added the reduction from 82.1 MF to 38.1 MF of the share of liabilities in TMC falling to the Principality, the latter in turn abandoning its claim.

RMC is also handing over its stake in SSE Télé Monte-Carlo to Sofirad for 40 million francs, which will now be 50% owned by Sofirad and 50% by the Principality of Monaco.[19] Thus TMC is now officially separated from RMC's capital and a third entity Monte-Carlo Radiodiffusion (MCR) is created to manage Monegasque transmitters and frequencies.[19]

The regional and theme channel phase (Monégasque des ondes, Canal+ group, end of 1993-2001)

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AB Groupe and Fidimages, a subsidiary of the Compagnie Générale d'Images belonging to Générale des Eaux, together founded the “Monegasque Program Company of Ondes” (MDO) and signed an agreement on September 14, 1993 with the Monegasque government concessionaire (the SSE). Télé Monte-Carlo) to ensure delegated production of the channel's programs and benefit from advertising revenue.

Générale d'images becomes operator of the channel through its subsidiary MDO and aims through this agreement to transform TMC into a major general French cable channel of which it is one of the main operators. Programs are therefore broadcast from La Plaine Saint-Denis, via the AB Groupe management.

On October 1, 1993, La Monégasque des Ondes entrusted Ellipse Cable, a subsidiary of Canal+ specializing in the creation of thematic channels and original programs for cable, with the task of reviewing all of the channel's programming and providing the program elements allowing to ensure all scheduled broadcasting hours. Making a clean sweep of the past, the channel was launched on October 13, 1993 at 11:30 a.m. with a completely redesigned name, programming and design, after only three weeks of preparation.

Ellipse Cable and its general manager Michel Thoulouze, aim for the return of La Cinq which disappeared on April 12, 1992, no longer on the French national terrestrial network but via the French cable networks and Monegasque terrestrial television broadcasting (and surrounding areas), under the name of Monte-Carlo TMC. The new program was put on the air in October 199330, with an antenna design mixing marble and velvet. The program appears to be both family-friendly, without violent content, with warm, glamorous hosts, relaying events in the Principality and Monte-Carlo and cultivating a Southern accent. Production extends to eighteen hours of original regional programs per week and a claimed opening to “the Mediterranean world”. The voice of actor Didier Gircourt, heard in the TF1 promos, is then chosen to present the programs; he will remain the voice and pen of the channel's promos until 2001.

The channel benefits from part of the Canal+ group's film catalog and many new shows are put on the air, at the helm of which are several famous French presenters to embody the channel. Thirty years after her departure, Denise Fabre returns to TMC to present Boléro, the glamorous magazine filmed in the principality, Michel Cardoze leaves every Sunday to discover the great South in his magazine SUD, Stéphane Paoli hosts Télé TV every evening and Patrick Sabatier receives every evening a guest, on the show Durant la pubd.

In July 1995, Canal+ and the German group CLT-UFA jointly took over 47.5% of the capital of Monégasque des ondes (MDO) from Générale d'images, a subsidiary of Générale des eaux, which retained 47.5%, while AB Groupe retains the remaining 5%.[20]

Successfully reformatted two years ago by Michel Thoulouze, TMC nevertheless still loses money like all thematic channels with the exception of Planète. Monte-Carlo TMC, the channel from the South, has chosen to position itself as “all audiences” with a tone that aims to be warm and a strong regional coloring in its programs, an essential family theme network positioning in the medium-term composition of future digital packages on satellite, which amply justified the investment, according to the management of the Canal+ group.[21]

In addition to its local terrestrial and cable broadcast in France, the Monte-Carlo TMC signal is present on 80% of cable networks in French-speaking Switzerland[21] and is also retransmitted encrypted, in the new CanalSatellite satellite bouquet in analog on Telecom 2B, extending thus its distribution area throughout mainland France and overseas.

As during the 1960s, 1970s and 1980s, the channel provides media coverage of major events in the Principality, including the ceremonies of the 700th anniversary of the Grimaldi dynasty in 1997 (broadcast in Eurovision) or the Monaco Formula 1 grand prix. The channel found a wider audience and reached 3% market share and was placed in 1997, according to Médiamétrie, in 3rd place among cable and satellite channels (after RTL9 and Eurosport), it was 4th in 1998.[22]

The format developed by Michel Thoulouze for “Monte-Carlo TMC” will remain almost unchanged for 9 years from 1993 to 2002, it will confirm popular success and establish the national notoriety of the channel.

The channel becomes national (2002-2004)

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In January 2002, the Pathé group acquired 50% of SSE Télé Monte-Carlo through the purchase of shares in Sofirad, which was finally put into liquidation by the French State. In March 2002, the Canal+ Group left the capital of Monégasque des ondes (MDO) and recovered the Pathé Sport channel following an exchange of shares with the Pathé group.[23] Pathé also obtained the agreement of the Monegasque government to increase its stake to 80% in SSE Télé Monte-Carlo, which is now in a position to apply for the allocation of a French national frequency for digital terrestrial television.

The Pathé group thus becomes the operator of Monte-Carlo TMC and wishes to give it a more youthful tone. In fact, the channel's audience is relatively elderly, which has a negative impact on advertising targeting. A new look was adopted in March 2002. The name of the channel became simply TMC and the programming focused more on the broadcast of fiction each evening. However, the success was not there and the audience was degraded.

In 2002, the new deputy general director and program director Gérald-Brice Viret initiated a policy aimed at reconnecting with the "glorious era" and establishing the credibility of TMC as a generalist channel. This transfer is intended to prepare the application that Pathé intended to present to the CSA, with a view to obtaining a channel on the next French digital terrestrial television.

TMC moved to the Quai Antoine-Ier in the immediate vicinity of the port of Monaco in new studios built for this purpose. On June 17, 2002, the Pathé group presented an application to obtain a national channel for the channel.[24]

On March 21, 2003, the channel changed its identity once again, a year after the previous rebranding attempt which was not satisfactory. TMC gets a 3D look considered more modern and a new name, TMC Monte-Carlo. On-set shows with guests are returning to the air, such as Tout Nouveau Tout Beau, hosted from the Parisian Pathé studios by Christophe Ruault, from the Voyage channel. Claude Belleï is named director of information; he installed the weekly national political magazine 15 minutes pour le dire and a regional news magazine. Several cult series are aired, such as Hercule Poirot, reinforced by films from the Pathé catalog. Finally, the channel resumes live coverage of major events in the Principality; national holiday, automobile Grand Prix, AS Monaco matches) and in the Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur region, international pétanque tournament, beach volleyball.

On June 10, 2003, TMC Monte Carlo was selected by the CSA to be broadcast unencrypted on national channel no. 10 of the free TNT offer.[25][26] This situation allows it to benefit from satisfactory national coverage of French territory from its launch on TNT on March 31, 2005 at 6:05 p.m. and to compete with other general channels.

However, on February 10, 2005,[27] a few months before the launch of national TNT, and while the channel celebrated its 50th anniversary with pomp over an entire weekend by recounting the memories of its successive hosts and broadcasting a number of images of archives tracing its history, the Pathé group decided to withdraw from the audiovisual sector. He resold his shares in the channel, i.e. 80%, for nearly 50 million euros to the TF1 group (40%) and the AB group (40%) which became operators, the Principality of Monaco retaining 20% of the capital.

Main generalist channel of digital terrestrial television (TF1 management, since 2005)

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The channel was owned jointly by the TF1 Group (40%), the AB Groupe (40%) and the Government of Monaco (20%).[28] In 2010, TF1 Group bought AB Group's shares, and in June 2016 became the sole shareholder of the channel after acquiring the Government of Monaco's shares.[29]

Until 1995, TMC was a member of the European Broadcasting Union as a part of Radio Monte-Carlo (RMC). Until 2022, the Monégasque membership was held by Groupement de Radiodiffuseurs Monégasques (GRMC), a joint organisation comprising Monte-Carlo Radiodiffusion (RMC) and Radio Monte Carlo (RMC).

Since October 2022, TMC, as well as the free DTT channels of the TF1 Group, have been accessible free to air via the Astra 1 satellite. This broadcast follows a temporary interruption in encrypted broadcasting for Canal+ and TNTSAT subscribers following a commercial dispute. However, despite the resumption of encrypted broadcasts within the Canal+ and TNTSAT packages, this free-to-air broadcasting continues. TMC is therefore received free of charge in almost all of Continental Europe and the North African countries.[30]

Logos

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  • 16 February 2009 – 12 September 2016
    16 February 2009 – 12 September 2016
  • 12 September 2016 – present
    12 September 2016 – present

Programming

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TMC shows a variety of programmes, including many imports. It also produces much original programming that include news magazines, cooking shows, and talk shows, including:

  • SUD: A cultural programme focusing on Monaco and the South of France, aired every Sunday.
  • Monacoscope: A weekly summary programme presenting the latest news of politics, sports and the monarchy of Monaco, aired every Saturday.
  • TMC Info: A programme presenting the latest news of politics, sports and the monarchy of Monaco, airs daily.
  • Notre région: A news magazine focussing on political, cultural and economic news of the French region of Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur

TV shows

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Sports programing

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Association football

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Motorsport

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Rugby

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Handball

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  • IHF Men's and Women's World Championships (France matches at the finals tournament that not aired by TF1 only (if qualified) until 2025, licensed from beIN Sports)[32]
  • EHF Men's and Women's European Championships (France matches at the finals tournament that not aired by TF1 only (if qualified) until 2024, licensed from beIN Sports)[33]

Tennis

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References

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  1. ^ L’affaire "Images et Son", Page 1 : Charles Michelson
  2. ^ L’affaire "Images et Son", Page 2 : Le "cadeau" de François Mitterrand à Charles Michelson
  3. ^ L’affaire "Images et Son", Page 3 : Rainier s’associe à Michelson
  4. ^ L’affaire "Images et Son", Page 4 : Michelson fonde Europe n°1
  5. ^ TMC : histoire de la chaîne monégasque
  6. ^ "Générique eurovision et vue aérienne de Monaco" (in French). Institut national de l'audiovisuel. Retrieved 5 April 2024.
  7. ^ "TÉLÉ-MONTE-CARLO ET TÉLÉ-LUXEMBOURG FONDENT UNE SOCIÉTÉ DE PRODUCTION COMMUNE". Le Monde (in French). 15 March 1968. Retrieved 4 May 2024.
  8. ^ Rapport du Sénat 1972-1973. Annexe au procès-verbal de la séance du 21 novembre 1972.
  9. ^ Télé Magazine N° 264 from 13-19 November 1960
  10. ^ DOC CLUB TINTIN TMC ET BLANCHE NEIGE MONTE CARLO-www.delcampe.net
  11. ^ [1] La création d'une chaîne indépendante de télévision pourrait menacer le monopole de l'ORTF, article paru dans Le Monde, le 9 juin 1970
  12. ^ Le Secam tente une sortie-L'Express, 31 mai-6 juin 1971
  13. ^ TÉLÉ-MONTE-CARLO ENGAGERA LA BATAILLE DE LA TV-COULEUR SUR LE " FRONT ITALIEN "-Le Monde-21/06/1971
  14. ^ 22 anni fa nasceva TeleMonteCarlo
  15. ^ "La station Télé Monte-Carlo se lance à la conquête de Milan". Le Monde. 15 January 1975. Retrieved 24 July 2024.
  16. ^ "D'une chaîne à l'autre". Le Monde. 28 December 1976. Retrieved 24 July 2024.
  17. ^ "Un entretien avec M. Antoine Schwarz, président de la SOFIRAD". Le Monde. 31 January 1989. Retrieved 24 July 2024.
  18. ^ [2], maxlafontaine.webne.ch.
  19. ^ a b c d Monaco renouvelle le contrat de concession de RMC pour vingt ans, Les Échos n° 16782, 30 November1994
  20. ^ "Canal+ reprend 47,5 % de la Monégasque des ondes". Les Echos (in French). 28 July 1995. Retrieved 21 October 2022.
  21. ^ a b ESQUIROU, Martine. "Canal+ fortifie ses liens avec BertelsmannLes deux groupes vont se partager 47,5% du capital de la société qui gère TMC". Libération (in French). Retrieved 21 November 2023.
  22. ^ Marc Pellerin (5 May 1998). "Le hit-parade des chaînes par câble et satellite". leparisien.fr (in French). Retrieved 4 December 2023.
  23. ^ Pathé et le Groupe Canal+ viennent de signer des accords portant sur le capital et sur le management des sociétés Pathé Sport et Monégasque des Ondes
  24. ^ Audition de TMC devant le CSA le 17 juin 2002 pour l'attribution d'une fréquence sur la TNT
  25. ^ Décret n° 2003-808 du 22 août 2003 portant publication de l'accord entre le Gouvernement de la République française et le Gouvernement de Son Altesse Sérénissime le Prince de Monaco relatif à l'attribution et à l'utilisation par la société Télé Monte Carlo de fréquences hertziennes terrestres pour la diffusion de son programme à partir d'installation d'émissions implantées en territoire français
  26. ^ Ordonnance Souveraine n° 16.066 du 21 novembre 2003 rendant exécutoire l'accord entre le Gouvernement de la Principauté de Monaco et le Gouvernement de la République française relatif à l'attribution et à l'utilisation par la société Télé Monte Carlo de fréquences hertziennes terrestres pour la diffusion de son programme à partir d'installation d'émissions implantées en territoire français
  27. ^ "Le CSA donne son feu vert au rachat de TMC". Le Monde.fr (in French). 12 February 2005. Retrieved 4 December 2023.
  28. ^ "Doc Presse: Groupe TF1" (in French). L’École supérieure de journalisme de Lille. Archived from the original on 2008-11-15.
  29. ^ "TF1 devient l'unique propriétaire de TMC en rachetant les 20% de la Principauté de Monaco" [TF1 becomes the sole owner of TMC by acquiring the 20% of the Principality of Monaco]. Europe 1 (in French). 2016-06-09. Retrieved 2019-05-01.
  30. ^ "Les chaînes de TF1 en clair sur Astra".
  31. ^ "THE TF1 AND CANAL+ GROUPS ACQUIRE BROADCASTING RIGHTS TO THE UEFA WOMEN'S EURO 2021 TOURNAMENT" (PDF). TF1 Group. 2019-10-04. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2020-02-03. Retrieved 2020-02-03.
  32. ^ "TF1 GROUP AND BEIN SPORTS REACH AGREEMENT ON BROADCASTING THE IHF WORLD HANDBALL CHAMPIONSHIPS". TF1 Group. 2018-11-22. Retrieved 2020-02-03.
  33. ^ "TF1 GROUP AND BEIN SPORTS TO BROADCAST EHF EUROPEAN HANDBALL CHAMPIONSHIPS". TF1 Group. 2019-11-28. Retrieved 2020-02-03.
  34. ^ "Tennis returns to TF1 in Davis Cup Finals deal". SportBusiness Media. 2019-09-02. Retrieved 2020-02-03.
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